# `depth_first_search`

    // named parameter version
    template <class VertexListGraph, class class P, class T, class R>
    void depth_first_search(VertexListGraph& G,
      const bgl_named_params<P, T, R>& params);

    // non-named parameter version
    template <class VertexListGraph, class DFSVisitor, class ColorMap>
    void depth_first_search(const VertexListGraph& g, DFSVisitor vis, ColorMap color)

    template <class VertexListGraph, class DFSVisitor, class ColorMap>
    void depth_first_search(const VertexListGraph& g, DFSVisitor vis, ColorMap color,
                            typename graph_traits<VertexListGraph>::vertex_descriptor start)

The `depth_first_search()` function performs a depth-first traversal of the vertices in a directed or undirected graph. When possible, a depth-first traversal chooses a vertex adjacent to the current vertex to visit next. If all adjacent vertices have already been discovered, or there are no adjacent vertices, then the algorithm backtracks to the last vertex that had undiscovered neighbors. Once all reachable vertices have been visited, the algorithm selects from any remaining undiscovered vertices and continues the traversal. The algorithm finishes when all vertices have been visited. Depth-first search is useful for categorizing edges in a graph, and for imposing an ordering on the vertices. Section Depth-First Search describes the various properties of DFS and walks through an example.

Similar to BFS, color markers are used to keep track of which vertices have been discovered. White marks vertices that have yet to be discovered, gray marks a vertex that is discovered but still has vertices adjacent to it that are undiscovered. A black vertex is discovered vertex that is not adjacent to any white vertices.

The `depth_first_search()` function invokes user-defined actions at certain event-points within the algorithm. This provides a mechanism for adapting the generic DFS algorithm to the many situations in which it can be used. In the pseudo-code below, the event points for DFS are indicated in by the triangles and labels on the right. The user-defined actions must be provided in the form of a visitor object, that is, an object whose type meets the requirements for a DFS Visitor. In the pseudo-code we show the algorithm computing predecessors p, discover time d and finish time t. By default, the `depth_first_search()` function does not compute these properties, however there are pre-defined visitors such as `predecessor_recorder` and `time_stamper` that can be used to do this.

    DFS(G)
      for each vertex u in V
        color[u] := WHITE
        p[u] = u
      end for
      time := 0
      if there is a starting vertex s
        call DFS-VISIT(G, s)
      for each vertex u in V
        if color[u] = WHITE
          call DFS-VISIT(G, u)
      end for
      return (p,d_time,f_time)

    DFS-VISIT(G, u)
      color[u] := GRAY
      d_time[u] := time := time + 1
      for each v in Adj[u]
        if (color[v] = WHITE)
          p[v] = u
          call DFS-VISIT(G, v)
        else if (color[v] = GRAY)
          ...
        else if (color[v] = BLACK)
          ...
      end for
      color[u] := BLACK
      f_time[u] := time := time + 1
    initialize vertex u

    start vertex s

    start vertex u

    discover vertex u

    examine edge (u,v)
    (u,v) is a tree edge

    (u,v) is a back edge

    (u,v) is a cross or forward edge

    finish vertex u

### Where Defined

`boost/graph/depth_first_search.hpp`

### Parameters

IN: `VertexListGraph& g`

> A directed or undirected graph. The graph type must be a model of Vertex List Graph.

### Named Parameters

IN: `visitor(DFSVisitor vis)`

> A visitor object that is invoked inside the algorithm at the event-points specified by the DFS Visitor concept. The visitor object is passed by value [1].
> Default: `dfs_visitor<null_visitor>`

UTIL/OUT: `color_map(ColorMap color)`

> This is used by the algorithm to keep track of its progress through the graph. The type `ColorMap` must be a model of Read/Write Property Map and its key type must be the graph's vertex descriptor type and the value type of the color map must model ColorValue.
> Default: an iterator_property_map created from a `std::vector` of `default_color_type` of size `num_vertices(g)` and using the `i_map` for the index map.

IN: `root_vertex(typename graph_traits<VertexListGraph>::vertex_descriptor start)`

> This specifies the vertex that the depth-first search should originate from. The type is the type of a vertex descriptor for the given graph.
> Default: `*vertices(g).first`

IN: `vertex_index_map(VertexIndexMap i_map)`

> This maps each vertex to an integer in the range `[0, num_vertices(g))`. This parameter is only necessary when the default color property map is used. The type `VertexIndexMap` must be a model of Readable Property Map. The value type of the map must be an integer type. The vertex descriptor type of the graph needs to be usable as the key type of the map.
> Default: `get(vertex_index, g)`

### Complexity

The time complexity is O(E + V).

### Visitor Event Points

- `vis.initialize_vertex(s, g)` is invoked on every vertex of the graph before the start of the graph search.
- `vis.start_vertex(s, g)` is invoked on the source vertex once before the start of the search.
- `vis.discover_vertex(u, g)` is invoked when a vertex is encountered for the first time.
- `vis.examine_edge(e, g)` is invoked on every out-edge of each vertex after it is discovered.
- `vis.tree_edge(e, g)` is invoked on each edge as it becomes a member of the edges that form the search tree. If you wish to record predecessors, do so at this event point.
- `vis.back_edge(e, g)` is invoked on the back edges in the graph. For an undirected graph there is some ambiguity between tree edges and back edges since the edge (u,v) and (v,u) are the same edge, but both the `tree_edge()` and `back_edge()` functions will be invoked. One way to resolve this ambiguity is to record the tree edges, and then disregard the back-edges that are already marked as tree edges. An easy way to record tree edges is to record predecessors at the `tree_edge` event point.
- `vis.forward_or_cross_edge(e, g)` is invoked on forward or cross edges in the graph. In an undirected graph this method is never called.
- `vis.finish_vertex(u, g)` is invoked on a vertex after all of its out edges have been added to the search tree and all of the adjacent vertices have been discovered (but before their out-edges have been examined).

### Example

The example in `examples/dfs-example.cpp` shows DFS applied to the graph in Figure 1.

### See Also

`depth_first_visit`

### Notes

[1] Since the visitor parameter is passed by value, if your visitor contains state then any changes to the state during the algorithm will be made to a copy of the visitor object, not the visitor object passed in. Therefore you may want the visitor to hold this state by pointer or reference.

Copyright © 2000-2001 | Jeremy Siek, Indiana University (jsiek@osl.iu.edu) Lie-Quan Lee, Indiana University (llee@cs.indiana.edu) Andrew Lumsdaine, Indiana University (lums@osl.iu.edu)